How old is the ebola virus

Genomic analysis of filoviruses associated with four viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in external icon. The outbreak occurred in the Orientale province in the northeast of the country. This outbreak in DRC had no epidemiologic link to the Ebola outbreak occurring in the Kibaale district of Uganda at the same time.

The outbreak occurred in June in Kibaale District. Factors that helped stop the spread of the Ebola virus and limit the size of this outbreak included: 1 a high suspicion of hemorrhagic fever by clinical staff at the outset, 2 the correct use of personal protective equipment and barrier methods to protect hospital staff, and 3 the ability to rapidly confirm Ebola virus through laboratory testing in-country.

Emerging Infectious Diseases. The outbreak occurred in the Mweka and Luebo health zones in the Kasai Occidental province. A number of international partners were involved in the response to this outbreak.

Global Alert and Response. This was the first known occurrence of Ebola-Reston virus in pigs. The virus strain was similar to earlier strains. Six workers from a pig farm and slaughterhouse developed antibodies against the virus but did not become sick. Weekly Epidemiological Record.

Discovery of Swine as a Host for the Reston ebolavirus external icon. The outbreak occurred in the Bundibugyo district. This is the first reported occurrence of a new Ebola virus strain. This novel strain appeared similar to other related viruses. Journal of Infectious Diseases. Radio broadcasts were used to deliver accurate and timely messages to the local population about EVD spread and prevention.

The last confirmed case was on October 4 and the outbreak was declared over November Mardi, le 20 novembre Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever, Democratic Republic of the Congo—Update. Two hunters index patients died in Etoumbi Medical Center in April A response team led by the Ministry of Health was rapidly sent to the site.

Most cases were hunters, patient caretakers, or funeral attendees. A Russian laboratory worker was injected with the virus accidentally while working on an Ebola vaccine and later died. A case of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Infektsionnye Bolezni Moscow. The outbreak occurred in Yambio County at the same time as an outbreak of measles in the same area. Several suspected cases of EVD were later reclassified as measles cases. Community mobilization activities were carried out with meetings held specifically for women in local villages, as they are usually the primary caretaker for patients in their families and communities.

Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo—Update 6 external icon. Introduction of the virus into the population occurred after hunters reported close contact with wildlife that was killed or found dead.

Direct contact with an infected person, particularly a family member, was the main mode of transmission, with very little spread of the virus within the healthcare setting. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, a new strategy? The outbreak occurred over the border of Gabon and the Republic of the Congo. The first human cases were associated with hunting and contact with wildlife in the surrounding area. Weekly Epidemiological Report.

An abnormal amount of animals, mostly nonhuman primates, were found dead in the area. The outbreak started in Gulu and later spread to Masindi and Mbarara districts. Community action and local government support were critical in controlling this outbreak. As gleaned from previous epidemics, providing correct and timely messaging about the disease was important to limit the spread of harmful rumors. An outbreak of Ebola in Uganda external icon.

Tropical Medicine and International Health. A Russian laboratory worker was infected with the Ebola virus while working on an experimental treatment for Ebola. Hemorrhagic Marburg, Ebola, Lassa, and Bolivian fevers: epidemiology, clinical pictures, and treatment. Voprosy Virusologii — Problems of Virology Moscow.

Ebola-Reston virus was identified in a monkey export facility in the Philippines. No human infections were identified. Epidemiology of Ebola subtype Reston virus in the Philippines, external icon. Ebola-Reston virus was introduced into a quarantine facility in Texas by monkeys imported from the Philippines. Isolated cases of Ebola subtype Reston virus among quarantined non-human primates recently imported from the Philippines to the United States external icon.

A medical professional traveled from Gabon to Johannesburg, South Africa, after becoming exposed to the virus while treating Ebola-infected patients. He was hospitalized and recovered. A nurse treating him became infected and died. The first case was a hunter living in a logging camp who spread the virus to others. There were reports of several dead chimpanzees in the area. Virions are released by budding through the plasma membrane For further reading on the history, epidemiology, molecular biology and pathogenesis of filoviruses, we refer the reader to several review articles and books Refs 2 , 36 , 87 — World Health Organization.

Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, WHO 56 , — Pattyn, S. Google Scholar. Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, Siegert, R. Jahrling, P. Preliminary report: isolation of Ebola virus from monkeys imported to USA. Lancet , — LeGuenno, B. Isolation and partial characterization of a new strain of Ebola virus.

CAS Google Scholar. Walsh, P. Catastrophic ape decline in western equatorial Africa. Nature , — Borio, L. Hemorrhagic fever viruses as biological weapons: medical and public health management. JAMA , — PubMed Google Scholar. Volchkov, V. Science , — Neumann, G. Reverse genetics demonstrates that proteolytic cleavage of the Ebola virus glycoprotein is not essential for replication in cell culture.

Three of the four nucleocapsid proteins of Marburg virus, NP, VP35, and L, are sufficient to mediate replication and transcription of Marburg virus-specific monocistronic minigenomes. Comparison of the transcription and replication strategies of Marburg virus and Ebola virus by using artificial replication systems.

Yang, Z. Identification of the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the main viral determinant of vascular cell cytotoxicity and injury. Nature Med. Processing of the Ebola virus glycoprotein by the proprotein convertase furin. Natl Acad. USA 95 , — Schnittler, H.

Molecular pathogenesis of filovirus infections: role of macrophages and endothelial cells. Baskerville, A. Ultrastructural pathology of experimental Ebola haemorrhagic fever virus infection. Geisbert, T. Association of Ebola-related Reston virus particles and antigen with tissue lesions of monkeys imported to the United States.

Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. Feldmann, H. Ryabchikova, E. An analysis of features of pathogenesis in two animal models of Ebola virus infection.

Infection and activation of monocytes by Marburg and Ebola viruses. Baize, S. Defective humoral response and extensive intravascular apoptosis are associated with fatal outcome of Ebola virus-infected patients. Villinger, F. Leroy, E. Human asymptomatic Ebola infection and strong inflammatory response. Inflammatory responses in Ebola virus-infected patients.

Harcourt, B. Basler, C. USA 97 , — Bray, M. A mouse model for evaluation of prophylaxis and therapy of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. The role of the type I interferon response in the resistance of mice to filovirus infection. Mahanty, S. Cutting edge: impairment of dendritic cells and adaptive immunity by Ebola and Lassa viruses.

Distinct cellular interactions of secreted and transmembrane Ebola virus glycoproteins. Kindzelskii, A. Maruyama, T. Ebola virus, neutrophils and antibody specificity.

Science , Sanchez, A. The virion glycoprotein of Ebola viruses are encoded in two reading frames and are expressed through transcriptional editing.

USA 93 , — Release of viral glycoproteins during Ebola virus infection. Virology , — Biosynthesis and role of filoviral glycoproteins. The envelope glycoprotein of Ebola virus contains an immunosuppressive-like domain similar to oncogenic retroviruses.

FEBS Lett. Ignatyev, G. Immune response to filovirus infections. Chan, S. Differential induction of cellular detachment by envelope glycoproteins of Marburg and Ebola Zaire viruses. Takada, A. Virology , 20—26 Gupta, M. Passive transfer of antibodies protects immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice against lethal Ebola virus infection without complete inhibition of viral replication. Wong, R. Molecular characterization of guinea-pig-adapted variants of Ebola virus. Chen, J. Hemorrhagic fever virus-induced changes in hemostasis and vascular biology.

Blood Coagul. Fibrinolysis 11 , — Fisher-Hoch, S. Pathophysiology of shock and hemorrhage in a fulminating viral infection Ebola.

Ksiazek, T. Recombinant human monoclonal antibodies to Ebola virus. Wilson, J. Epitopes involved in antibody-mediated protection from Ebola virus. Parren, P. Pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis of Ebola virus infection in an animal model by passive transfer of a neutralizing human antibody.

Ktysnayanskii, V. Preparation of hyperimmune horse serum to Ebola virus. Mikhailov, V. The evaluation in hamadryas baboons of the possibility for the specific prevention of Ebola fever.

Jahrling, J. Passive immunization of Ebola virus-infected cynomologus monkeys with immunoglobulin from hyperimmune horses. Fernandes, I. Isolation of IgGT from hyperimmune horse anti-snake venom serum: its protective ability.

Patients require intensive supportive therapy including intravenous fluids or oral rehydration with solutions including electrolytes, maintaining their oxygen status and blood pressure. To avoid person to person transmission of Ebola virus, great care needs to be taken when nursing patients, to avoid contact with infected bodily fluids.

Patients should be isolated, and strict barrier nursing techniques should be used, including wearing masks, gloves and gowns. Invasive procedures such as the placing of intravenous lines, handling of blood, secretions, catheters and suction devices are a particular risk and strict infection control is essential.

See the detailed guidance for the management of Ebola patients, including infection prevention and control. Non-disposable protective equipment must be properly disinfected before re-use. Other infection control measures include proper use, disinfection, and disposal of instruments and equipment used in caring for patients. The bodies of those that have died of Ebola virus infection remain highly infectious and should be promptly and safely buried or cremated.

The UK has specialist guidance on the management including infection control of patients with Ebola and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. This guidance provides advice on how to comprehensively assess, rapidly diagnose and safely manage patients suspected of being infected, within the NHS, to ensure the protection of public health.

To help us improve GOV. It will take only 2 minutes to fill in. Cookies on GOV. UK We use some essential cookies to make this website work. Accept additional cookies Reject additional cookies View cookies. Hide this message. Home Health and social care Public health Health protection Infectious diseases Ebola: overview, history, origins and transmission. Public Health England. Contents 1.

Last update: 6 June Ebola virus disease EVD emerged at unprecedented epidemic levels in Whereas previous outbreaks had occurred in remote areas and were contained fairly quickly, this epidemic spread to crowded urban areas where long transmission chains occurred. The center of the epidemic occurred in Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. Nigeria and Senegal saw small outbreaks related to importations from more heavily affected countries, but they were able to contain spread of the disease.

Several cases and deaths were reported from Mali in October and November In total, 15, confirmed, probable, and suspected deaths occurred, including two in the United States.

More than 28, cases of EVD were reported. Several healthcare workers acquired Ebola virus disease outside West Africa from contact with imported cases. All three recovered. Several vaccines were advanced rapidly into clinical trials in both African and non-African countries. Article Menu [ ]. Vaccine Science [ ]. Biological Weapons, Bioterrorism, and Vaccines. Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Careers in Vaccine Research.

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