What is the difference between soluble and dispersible

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But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Necessary Necessary. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. These cookies do not store any personal information. If it upsets your stomach, take it with food. Solvable problem, a computational problem that can be solved by a Turing machine.

Exactly solvable model in statistical mechanics, a system whose solution can be expressed in closed form, or alternatively, another name for completely integrable systems.

Things like salt, sugar and coffee dissolve in water. They are soluble. They usually dissolve faster and better in warm or hot water. Pepper and sand are insoluble, they will not dissolve even in hot water. Salt, ethanol and sugar are examples of soluble substances and oil, lead chloride and glass examples of insoluble substances. This helps avoid the aspirin irritating the stomach.

If you do continue to take the dispersible form it is important to start taking them dispersed in water because this means that the aspirin will not concentrate in one part of your stomach, which would be more likely to cause side effects.

For many, chewable means chew and swallow. For others, the jury is out and deadlocked that swallowing a chewable tablet whole is absolutely fine and completely safe. It has been recently shown that the digestion of milk can be a particularly effective way to drive solubilisation of co-administered drug Salim et al.

While milk is regarded as safe for consumption by adults and paediatrics, this commodity has not been approved formally as a pharmaceutical excipient by the Food and Drug Administration for a number of reasons, with primary reasons being chemical consistency and accessibility.

In addition, the fatty acid composition, which is critical to its interaction with drugs upon digestion, is highly variable between types of milk and even day-to-day from the same species presenting a major regulatory hurdle to its use as a formal excipient in drug formulations Liu et al.

To address these problems, blending the drug with locally available milk would minimise issues relating to accessibility and furthermore freeze-drying the milk could potentially eliminate the issue of maintaining cold-chain storage for liquid milk. Infant formula was also used in this study to remove the issue of temporal variability in milk fat composition. The use of direct compression DC to generate these tablets is less complex than other tableting techniques enabling easier manufacturing and accessibility in developing countries.

Cinnarizine, a poorly water-soluble antihistaminic drug was chosen as a model drug due to its moderately lipophilic character. Real-time monitoring of lipid liquid crystalline phases formed during in vitro digestion of the dispersible tablets was conducted using synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering SAXS both in the presence and absence of cinnarizine and added disintegrant.

Finally, SAXS was used to determine the scattering intensity of diffraction peaks from crystalline cinnarizine to track its solubilisation during digestion. Tablet characteristics were studied using pharmacopeial methods, while lipid self-assembly and drug solubilisation during digestion were studied using in situ X-ray diffraction. Full fat bovine milk 3. The nutritional information for milk and the infant formula are provided in Table 1. Tablet compression The blended formulations were tableted directly after vortex mixing.

Magnesium stearate 0. The tensile strength of the tablets was then determined using the Fell and Newton equation Eq. Approximately 6. The tablets were then de-dusted and re-weighed final weight, W f and if any of the tablets were cracked, cleaved or broken, the test was considered as failed. The friability was calculated from Eq. One tablet was placed in each of the six tubes of the basket and the assembly was suspended in a 1 L beaker containing distilled water. The test was considered successful once the tablets had disintegrated completely.

No filtration or sample pre-treatment was performed prior to measuring the absorbance of the aliquots. The particle density of the milk fat globules was taken to be 0. The volume-weighted mean diameter of the particles was then recorded as D 4,3 generated by the in-built instrument software based on calculated size distributions by volume. Calcium chloride was added to remove any free fatty acids that could potentially surround the milk fat globule thereby enabling the digestions to progress.

The apparatus was connected to a computer and operated using Tiamo 2. Freeze-dried pancreatic lipase was prepared in the digestion buffer and 2. Throughout the digestion of the milk and infant formula lipids, either 0. Based on the volume of NaOH required to maintain the pH at 6. After an hour of digestion, the pH of the digested milk lipids was increased to pH 9. Together with the amount of ionised fatty acids determined earlier, the total amount of fatty acids released during digestion was calculated.

Subsequently, the extent of digestion was calculated using Eq. Pancreatic lipase was added remotely using a syringe driver. Two different sample-to-detector distances of around 1. The phases of the liquid crystalline structures were identified from their characteristic diffraction peaks and the presence of crystalline drug was monitored using the intensity of characteristic diffraction peaks as a function of time.

In the 1D profiles, the presence of lamellar, hexagonal and cubic liquid crystalline phases were determined based on the spacings of the diffraction peaks Hyde, Our group has previously shown the role of milk digestion on the solubilisation of a drug and its polymorphism Salim et al. In this study, we aim to understand the effect of digestion of milk and infant formula lipids on the solubilisation of a drug when presented as a solid dosage form.

Table 3 summarises the blend characteristics and results of the tablet formulations. The thickness of the tablets was found to be 4. Tablets are required to withstand the severities of handling and transportation from the manufacturing sector until the tablet lands in the hands of consumers.

To determine the resistance of tablets to mechanical strength applied, breaking force and friability tests were conducted. In this study, it was found that the tensile strength and friability of the tablets were largely influenced by the type of lipids present. Here, the tablets fall slightly outside the given range with average tensile strengths ranging from 0.

It has been reported that the physicochemical properties of the tablets are highly dependent on the binding agent used in the formulation. Therefore, the results obtained could suggest that the types of lipids in the freeze-dried milk and infant formula possess different plastic and elastic properties that led to increased plastic deformation in the freeze-dried milk tablets during compression and consequently a greater extent of binding capability than the lipids in infant formula tablets.

An alternative method to determine the resistance of tablets to applied mechanical strength is friability. Unlike the breaking force test, the friability test determines the resistance of tablets to chipping and surface abrasion by rotating in a tumbler.

Friability of this value indicates that the tablets are able to endure the rigours of handling in manufacture, transportation, dispensing and usage. Following the disintegration studies, dissolution experiments were performed to determine the release rate of cinnarizine from the tablets.

Results in Fig. The incomplete dispersion of the freeze-dried milk tablets could be due to the aggregation or denaturation of milk proteins during compression of the tablet or having different lipids to the infant formula, increasing the hydrophobic nature of the tablets. Turbidity as a function of time for a freeze-dried milk-cinnarizine tablet and b infant formula-cinnarizine tablet with increasing amounts of PVPP added.

As described in previous studies, the average volume-weighted mean diameter D 4,3 of homogenised milk is around 0. In contrast, the average particle size was greater after dispersion of the freeze-dried milk tablets average 5. The larger particle size following the reconstitution of freeze-dried milk could be attributed to some aggregation of the fat droplets Orubu et al.

It has been previously reported that a series of liquid crystalline structures arising from self-assembly of milk lipids from bovine milk appear during digestion as a result of the self-assembly of TAG, DAG, MAG and FFA Salentinig et al.

No significant differences were obtained in the types of liquid crystalline structures formed during digestion of commercial, raw, spray-dried, freeze-dried and frozen milk but their formation kinetics did change Clulow et al. However, differences in the liquid crystalline structures emerged following the tableting of freeze-dried milk. Since previous works have demonstrated that neither freeze-drying nor reconstitution of powdered milk led to appreciable changes in the structure of the digesting milk lipids, the process of tableting induced changes in the self-assembly of the milk lipids after redispersion and digestion.

In contrast to the effect of tableting on milk, only minor changes in the self-assembled structures formed on digestion of the infant formula tablets were evident when compared to non-tableted infant formula, with both powdered and tableted forms displaying hexagonal and lamellar phases Fig. The formulation of these dispersible tablets not only encompasses milk or infant formula but also includes the drug cinnarizine.

It is important to determine whether there would be any modifications in the self-assembly of the milk lipids following the incorporation of cinnarizine. There was a reduction in the number of liquid crystalline phases from four phases without cinnarizine, to three phases with cinnarizine. In the latter, the additional cubic Pn 3 m phase was not observed and the liquid crystalline phases reverted back to those characteristically observed for unadulterated milk, with only lamellar, hexagonal and Im 3 m phases formed.

As shown in Fig. Trends in lattice parameters as a function of digestion time of the phases formed from the self-assembly of milk lipids from b freeze-dried milk tablets and c freeze-dried milk-cinnarizine tablets. It was not clear if the broad peak observed at a q value of around 0. Although the lattice parameters corresponding to the lamellar phase are similar with and without cinnarizine Fig.

Trends in lattice parameters as a function of digestion time of the phases formed from the self-assembly of lipids from b infant formula tablets and c infant formula-cinnarizine tablets. Disintegration time is an important parameter that needs to be optimised in the development of a dispersible solid dosage form. PVPP is generally recognised as an inert excipient, hence it was hypothesised that the liquid crystalline phases formed in the presence of PVPP would be the same as the earlier results i.

PVPP does have strong water sorption behaviour, so it is possible that it has a dehydrating effect of liquid crystalline systems which would explain the trend towards formation of the inverted hexagonal phase at the expense of the bicontinuous cubic phase. Upon digestion Fig. Integration of the diffraction peak intensity is shown in Fig. The peak at 1. Residual peak area of cinnarizine represented by the green and black hollow squares and titrated FFA released indicated by the orange and blue hollow circles of c freeze-dried milk-cinnarizine tablets with and without PVPP and d infant formula-cinnarizine tablets with and without PVPP.

For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article. Paediatrics are categorised as a highly heterogeneous group due to their ages ranging from newborns to adolescents leading to differences in required dose, pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of drug.

Dispersible tablets serve as a potential delivery platform for paediatrics due to convenience in dose control thereby enhancing patient compliance. While there are numerous strategies to decrease the disintegration and dissolution time such as implementing a low compression force and incorporating fast dissolving sugars and using effervescent excipients Fu et al.

Unlike other superdisintegrants where the mechanism of action varies depending on the excipient, PVPP incorporates the mechanism of wicking and swelling to enable rapid disintegration of the tablet Pabari and Ramtoola, The porous structure of PVPP aids in wicking of water into the tablet, causing rapid volume expansion and hydrostatic pressures Rowe, Together with the ability of PVPP to swell rapidly in water without gelling due to its high cross-link density, the wicking and swelling mechanisms cause interparticulate bonds in the tablet to rupture thereby promoting disintegration of the tablet.

Apart from the presence of different types of lipids in milk and infant formula, the difference in disintegration times could be a result of excipients that are prevalent in the infant formula used in this study but not in freeze-dried milk.

Infant formula is designed to be redispersed from a solid powdered form by the inclusion of multiple excipients with strong surfactant properties, whereas milk is not designed to be redispersed but simply consumed in a liquid state.